jxbcnrb dytiyb[ gjdth[yjcntq
jrhfityys[ ghb,jhjd bcgjkmpeqnt
vjrhe. nhzgre c ntgkjq djljq b
ytqnhfkmysv vj.obv chtlcndjv+ lkz
dytiytq jxbcnrb cnfkmys[- vtlys[
bkb kfneyys[ gjdth[yjcntq ghb,jhjd
w t k t c j j , h f p y j b c g j k m p j d f n m
c g t w b a b x t c r b t g h j l e r n s - d
cjjndtncndbb c cjjndtncnde.obvb
bycnherwbzvb+ lkz dyenhtyytq
jxbcnrb ghb,jhf bcgjkmpeqnt
n h z g r e # r b c n m - g h j g b n f y y e .
ltyfnehbhjdfyysv 'nbkjdsv cgbhnjv=
Lkz cyznbz cntrkf- jnrhsnm rfhtnre-
gjldbyed tt dgthtl+ gthtvtcnbnm
cntrkj dktdj (bkb dghfdj) b ghbgjlyznm
tt jlyjq cnjhjyjq rdth[e- rfr
gjrfpfyj yf hbc= 12=
JGBCFYBT
--------------------------------------------------
Ghb,jh vj;tn hf,jnfnm rfr d ht;bvt
htwbhrekzwbb djple[f- nfr b c yfhe;yjq
d s n z ; r j q b c l b c n f y w b j y y s v
'ktrnhjldbufntktv=
D bcgjkytybb
c htwbhrekzwbtq
(Hbc= 1)-
dsnzubdftvsq djple[ c bcgfhtybzvb
;bhf b vfckf jxboftncz eujkmysv
abkmnhjv b dyjdm djpdhfoftncz d
gjvtotybt=
Dybvfybt@
D bcgjkytybb c
htwbhrekzwbtq djple[f ytj,[jlbvj
bcgjkmpjdfnm eujkmysq abkmnh lkz
jxbcnrb djple[f- htwbhrekbhe.otuj d
gjvtotybb=
D bcgjkytybb
c yfhe;yjq dsnz;rjq
djple[f (Hbc= 2)- bcgfhtybz b pfgf[b
re[yb ds,hfcsdf.ncz ytgjchtlcndtyyj
yfhe;e gj lsvjdjq nhe,t b xthtp
dsdjlyjt jndthcnbt d cntyt#gjnjkrt= D
'njv ckexft ytn ytj,[jlbvjcnb d
bcgjkmpjdfybb eujkmyjuj abkmnhf=
D bcgjkytybb
c lbcnfywbjyysv
'ktrnhjldbufntktv
(Hbc= 3)- r ghb,jhe
gjlcjtlbyztncz jnltkmyjcnjzobq
dsnz;yjq dtynbkznjh+ ghb 'njv ghb,jh
,eltn cke;bnm jnltkmysv gtht[jlysv
'ktvtynjv lkz pf,jhf djple[f=
Ytj,[jlbvj bcgjkmpjdfnm njkmrj
dtynbkznjhs- ghtlkfuftvst d
abhvtyyjv rfnfkjut
=
Pfregktyyfz Dfvb vjltkm vj;tn ,snm
jcyfotyf 1_bv bkb 2_vz 'ktrnhj
−
ldbufntkzvb= D bcgjkytybb c 1_bv
ldbufntktv dsnz;yjq akfytw yf[jlbncz
yt d wtynht ghb,jhf- f gthtvtoty dktdj=
ECNFYJDRF
--------------------------------------------------
Lkz elj,cndf ecnfyjdrb htrjvtyletncz
jncjtlbybnm
htitnre#b lkz pflth;rb
;bhf
(Hbc= 4)% lkz 'njuj- gjlybvbnt
gthtly.. xfcnm b cybvbnt htitnre-
dsyed tt cpflb=
D Y B V F Y B T @ D j b p , t ; f y b t
gjdht;ltybq dj dhtvz ecnfyjdrb
bcgjkmpeqnt kbim dbyns- d[jlzobt d
rjvgktrn ghb,jhf- yflkt;fobvb
j,hfpjv- cktlez yb;tghbdtltyysv
bycnherwbzv=
Lkz rjvgtycfwbb djpvj;yjuj pfpjhf
v t ; l e d s n z ; r j q b c n t y j q
g h t l e c v j n h t y f g k f c n v f c c j d f z
hfccgjhyfz yfrkflrf- ghbrhtgkztvfz
r pflytq cntyrt ghb,jhf nhtvz
oehegfvb F (Hbc= 5)= Bcgjkmpetvst
dbyns F cjlth;fncz d vtijxrt
ghbyflkt;yjcntq- ghbkj;tyyjv r
hfcgjhrt= Ghb 'njv ytj,[jlbvj jnhtpfnm
tt lj ye;yjuj hfpvthf- d cjjndtncndbb
c rjvgtycbhetvsv pfpjhjv=
Rhtgktybt r yfdtcyjve irfae
Jcyjdyst eckjdbz gj ecnfyjdrt%
−
Cvjynbheqnt cbcntve 'ktrnhbxtcrjuj
gbnfybz=
−
Tckb ghb,jh ,eltn ghbvtyznmcz d
bcgjkytybb c yfhe;yjq dsnz;rjq
bkb c lbcnfywbjyysv 'ktrnhj
−
ldbufntktv- ghjltkfqnt jndthcnbt
lkz dsdjlf djple[f=
Xnj,s ljcnbuyenm jgnbvfkmys[ eckjdbq
'rcgkefnfwbb ghb,jhf d bcgjkytybb c
yfhe;yjq dsnz;rjq b c lbcnfywbjyysv
' k t r n h j l d b u f n t k t v y t j , [ j l b v j
bcgjkmpjdfnm
nhe,e lkz dsdjlf djple[f
%
−
vbybvfkmyj ytj,[jlbvjq lkbys
−
c yfbvtymibv xbckjv bpub,jd (yfb,=
eujk bpub,f _ 90
°
)
−
cltkfyye. bp vfnthbfkf- cjjndtncn
−
de.otuj cnfylfhnysv nht,jdfybzv
