Glossary

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An emulator duplicates the functions of one system with a different 

system, so that the second system behaves like the first system. 

Emulation focuses on exact reproduction of external behavior, which is 

in contrast to simulation, which concerns an abstract model of the 

system being simulated, often considering its internal state.

Ethernet

Ethernet is a frame-based computer networking technology for local 

area networks (LANs). It defines wiring and signaling for the physical 

layer, and frame formats and protocols for the media access control 

(MAC)/data link layer of the OSI model. Ethernet is mostly standardized 

as IEEE 802.3. It has become the most widespread LAN technology in 

use during the 1990s to the present.

EtherTalk

A suite of protocols developed by Apple Computer for computer 

networking. It was included in the original Macintosh (1984) and is now 

deprecated by Apple in favor of TCP/IP networking. 

FDI

Foreign Device Interface (FDI) is a card installed inside the printer to 

allow a third party device such as a coin operated device or a card 

reader. Those devices allow the pay-for-print service on your printer.

FTP

A File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a commonly used protocol for 

exchanging files over any network that supports the TCP/IP protocol 

(such as the Internet or an intranet).

Fuser Unit 

The part of a laser printer that melts the toner onto the print media. It 

consists of a hot roller and a back-up roller. After toner is transferred 

onto the paper, the fuser unit applies heat and pressure to ensure that 

the toner stays on the paper permanently, which is why paper is warm 

when it comes out of a laser printer.

Gateway

A connection between computer networks, or between a computer 

network and a telephone line. It is very popular, as it is a computer or a 

network that allows access to another computer or network.

Grayscale

A shades of gray that represent light and dark portions of an image 

when color images are converted to grayscale; colors are represented 

by various shades of gray.

Halftone

An image type that simulates grayscale by varying the number of dots. 

Highly colored areas consist of a large number of dots, while lighter 

areas consist of a smaller number of dots.

HDD

Hard Disk Drive (HDD), commonly referred to as a hard drive or hard 

disk, is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally-encoded data 

on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces.

IEEE

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is an 

international non-profit, professional organization for the advancement 

of technology related to electricity.

IEEE 1284

The 1284 parallel port standard was developed by the Institute of 

Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The term "1284-B" refers to 

a specific connector type on the end of the parallel cable that attaches to 

the peripheral (for example, a printer). 

Intranet

A private network that uses Internet Protocols, network connectivity, and 

possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of 

an organization's information or operations with its employees. 

Sometimes the term refers only to the most visible service, the internal 

website.

IP address

An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a unique number that devices use in 

order to identify and communicate with each other on a network utilizing 

the Internet Protocol standard.

IPM

The Images Per Minute (IPM) is a way of measuring the speed of a 

printer. An IPM rate indicates the number of single-sided sheets a printer 

can complete within one minute.

IPP

The Internet Printing Protocol (IPP) defines a standard protocol for 

printing as well as managing print jobs, media size, resolution, and so 

forth. IPP can be used locally or over the Internet to hundreds of 

printers, and also supports access control, authentication, and 

encryption, making it a much more capable and secure printing solution 

than older ones.

IPX/SPX

IPX/SPX stands for Internet Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet 

Exchange. It is a networking protocol used by the Novell NetWare 

operating systems. IPX and SPX both provide connection services 

similar to TCP/IP, with the IPX protocol having similarities to IP, and 

SPX having similarities to TCP. IPX/SPX was primarily designed for 

local area networks (LANs), and is a very efficient protocol for this 

purpose (typically its performance exceeds that of TCP/IP on a LAN).

ISO

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an 

international standard-setting body composed of representatives from 

national standards bodies. It produces world-wide industrial and 

commercial standards.

ITU-T

The International Telecommunication Union is an international 

organization established to standardize and regulate international radio 

and telecommunications. Its main tasks include standardization, 

allocation of the radio spectrum, and organizing interconnection 

arrangements between different countries to allow international phone 

calls. A -T out of ITU-T indicates telecommunication.

ITU-T No. 1 chart

Standardized test chart published by ITU-T for document facsimile 

transmissions.

JBIG

Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group (JBIG) is an image compression 

standard with no loss of accuracy or quality, which was designed for 

compression of binary images, particularly for faxes, but can also be 

used on other images.

JPEG

Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) is a most commonly used 

standard method of lossy compression for photographic images. It is the 

format used for storing and transmitting photographs on the World Wide 

Web.

LDAP

The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is a networking 

protocol for querying and modifying directory services running over TCP/

IP.